Interesting Research
: Hamada M, Iikubo K, Ishikawa Y, Ikeda A, Umezawa K, Nishiyama S.
Biological activities of alpha-mangostin derivatives against acidic
sphingomyelinase.
Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2003 Oct 6;13(19):3151-3.
PMID: 12951083 [PubMed - in process]
Biological activities of alpha-mangostin derivatives against
acidic sphingomyelinase.
Hamada M, Iikubo K, Ishikawa Y, Ikeda A, Umezawa K, Nishiyama S.
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio
University,
Hiyoshi 3-14-1, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
Deprenyl and benzofenone-type congeners of alpha-mangostin 1 have
been synthesized to
understand their role for the inhibitory activity against
sphingomyelinase (SMase).
While removal of the prenyl group of the right side (11 and 12)
caused loss of the
selectivity between ASMase (acidic sphingomyelinase) and NSMase
(neutral sphingomyelinase),
the prenyl group of the left side appeared to increase the inhibitory
activities (16 and 17).
PMID: 12951083 [PubMed - in process]
2: Matsumoto K, Akao Y, Kobayashi E, Ohguchi K, Ito T, Tanaka T,
Iinuma M,
Nozawa Y.
Induction of apoptosis by xanthones from mangosteen in human
leukemia cell lines.
j Nat Prod. 2003 Aug;66(8):1124-7.
PMID: 12932141 [PubMed - in process]
Induction of apoptosis by xanthones from mangosteen in human
leukemia cell lines.
Matsumoto K, Akao Y, Kobayashi E, Ohguchi K, Ito T, Tanaka T, Iinuma
M, Nozawa Y.
Gifu International Institute of Biotechnology, 1-1 Naka-Fudogaoka,
Kakamigahara,
We examined the effects of six xanthones from the pericarps of
mangosteen,
Garcinia mangostana, on the cell growth inhibition of human leukemia
cell line HL60.
All xanthones displayed growth inhibitory effects. Among them, alpha-
mangostin
showed complete inhibition at 10 microM through the induction of
apoptosis.
PMID: 12932141 [PubMed - in process]
3: Nakatani K, Nakahata N, Arakawa T, Yasuda H, Ohizumi Y.
Inhibition of cyclooxygenase and prostaglandin E2 synthesis
by gamma-mangostin,a xanthone derivative in mangosteen, in
C6 rat glioma cells.
Biochem Pharmacol. 2002 Jan 1;63(1):73-9.
PMID: 11754876 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Inhibition of cyclooxygenase and prostaglandin E2 synthesis
by gamma-mangostin, a xanthone derivative in mangosteen,
in C6 rat glioma cells.
Nakatani K, Nakahata N, Arakawa T, Yasuda H, Ohizumi Y.
Department of Pharmaceutical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of
Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, 980-8578,
Sendai, Japan.
The fruit hull of mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana L., has been used
for many years
as a medicine for treatment of skin infection, wounds, and diarrhea
in Southeast Asia.
In the present study, we examined the effect of gamma-mangostin, a
tetraoxygenated
diprenylated xanthone contained in mangosteen, on arachidonic acid
(AA) cascade in
C6 rat glioma cells. gamma-Mangostin had a potent inhibitory activity
of prostaglandin E2 (
PGE2) release induced by A23187, a Ca2+ ionophore. The inhibition was
concentration-dependent,
with the IC50 value of about 5 microM. gamma-Mangostin had no
inhibitory effect on
A23187-induced phosphorylation of p42/p44 extracellular signal
regulated kinase/mitogen-activated
protein kinase or on the liberation of [14C]-AA from the cells
labeled with [14C]-AA.
However, gamma-mangostin concentration-dependently inhibited the
conversion of AA to PGE2
in microsomal preparations, showing its possible inhibition of
cyclooxygenase (COX).
In enzyme assay in vitro, gamma-mangostin inhibited the activities of
both constitutive
COX (COX-1) and inducible COX (COX-2) in a concentration-dependent
manner, with the IC50
values of about 0.8 and 2 microM, respectively. Lineweaver-Burk plot
analysis indicated
that gamma-mangostin competitively inhibited the activities of both
COX-1 and -2.
This study is a first demonstration that gamma-mangostin, a xanthone
derivative,
directly inhibits COX activity.
PMID: 11754876 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
4: Mahabusarakam W, Proudfoot J, Taylor W, Croft K.
Inhibition of lipoprotein oxidation by prenylated xanthones derived
from
mangostin. Free Radic Res. 2000 Nov;33(5):643-59.
PMID: 11200095 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Inhibition of lipoprotein oxidation by prenylated xanthones
derived from mangostin.
Mahabusarakam W, Proudfoot J, Taylor W, Croft K.
Chemistry Department, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand.
Oxidative damage is thought to play a critical role in cardiovascular
and other
chronic diseases. This has led to considerable interest in the
antioxidant
activity of dietary compounds. Flavonoids have received the most
attention and
much is known about the structural requirements for antioxidant
activity.
However, little is known about the antioxidant activity of other
plant derived
phenolic compounds such as the xanthones. We have previously shown
that the
prenylated xanthone, mangostin, can inhibit the oxidation of low
density
lipoprotein. In order to examine the effects of structure
modification on
antioxidant activity of this class of compound we have prepared a
number of
derivatives of mangostin and tested antioxidant activity in an
isolated LDL and
plasma assay. The results of this study show that structural
modification of
mangostin can have a profound effect on antioxidant activity.
Derivatisation
of the C-3 and C-6 hydroxyl groups with either methyl, acetate,
propane diol or
nitrile substantially reduces antioxidant activity. In contrast,
derivatisation
of C-3 and C-6 with aminoethyl derivatives enhanced antioxidant
activity, which
may be related to changes in solubility. Cyclisation of the prenyl
chains had
little influence on antioxidant activity.
PMID: 11200095 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
5: Okudaira C, Ikeda Y, Kondo S, Furuya S, Hirabayashi Y, Koyano T,
Saito Y,
Umezawa K.
Inhibition of acidic sphingomyelinase by xanthone compounds isolated
from
Garcinia speciosa.
J Enzyme Inhib. 2000;15(2):129-38.
PMID: 10938539 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Inhibition of acidic sphingomyelinase by xanthone compounds isolated
from Garcinia speciosa.
Okudaira C, Ikeda Y, Kondo S, Furuya S, Hirabayashi Y, Koyano T,
Saito Y, Umezawa K.
Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology,
Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-0061, Japan.
Sphingomyelinase is considered to be involved in the regulation of
apoptosis (cell death) and cell growth. In the course of our
screening
for acidic sphingomyelinase inhibitors we isolated three xanthone
compounds,
alpha-mangostin, cowanin, and cowanol, from the bark of Garcinia
speciosa.
These compounds competitively inhibited bovine brain-derived acidic
sphingomyelinase
with IC(50) values of 14.1, 19.2, and 10.9 microM, respectively and
inhibited the
acidic sphingomyelinase more effectively than the neutral
sphingomyelinase of bovine brain.
alpha-Mangostin inhibited the acidic sphingomyelinase in the most
selective manner.
alpha-Mangostin was chemically modified and its structure-activity
relationships are discussed.
PMID: 10938539 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
6: Lu ZX, Hasmeda M, Mahabusarakam W, Ternai B, Ternai PC, Polya GM.
Inhibition of eukaryote protein kinases and of a cyclic nucleotide-
binding
phosphatase by prenylated xanthones.
Chem Biol Interact. 1998 Jul 3;114(1-2):121-40.
PMID: 9744560 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Inhibition of eukaryote protein kinases and of a cyclic
nucleotide-binding phosphatase by prenylated xanthones.
Lu ZX, Hasmeda M, Mahabusarakam W, Ternai B, Ternai PC, Polya GM.
School of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria,
Australia.
A series of prenylated xanthones are variously potent inhibitors of
the
catalytic subunit (cAK) of rat liver cyclic AMP-dependent protein
kinase (PKA),
rat brain Ca2+ and phospholipid-dependent protein kinase C (PKC),
chicken gizzard
myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), wheat embryo Ca2+-dependent protein
kinase (CDPK)
and potato tuber cyclic nucleotide-binding phosphatase (Pase). The
prenylated
xanthones examined are mostly derivatives of alpha-mangostin in which
the 3-hydroxyl
and 6-hydroxyl are variously substituted with groups R or R’,
respectively, or
derivatives of 3-isomangostin (mangostanol) in which the 9-hydroxyl
is substituted
with groups R’ or the prenyl side chain is modified. The most potent
inhibitors of
cAK have non-protonatable and relatively small R’ and R groups.
Conversely, the most
potent inhibitors of PKC and MLCK have bulkier and basic R’ groups.
Some prenylated
xanthones are also potent inhibitors of CDPK. PKC and cAK are
competitively
inhibited by particular prenylated xanthones whereas the compounds
that are
the most potent inhibitors of MLCK and CDPK are non-competitive
inhibitors.
Prenylated xanthones having relatively small and non-protonatable R’
and R
groups inhibit a high-affinity cyclic nucleotide binding Pase in a
non-competitive fashion.
(Protein kinases make up a veritable treasure trove of targets
for a variety of indications, including diabetes,
inflammatory disorders, and especially cancer. )
PMID: 9744560 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
7: Hopert AC, Beyer A, Frank K, Strunck E, Wunsche W, Vollmer G.
Characterization of estrogenicity of phytoestrogens in an endometrial-
derived
experimental model.
Environ Health Perspect. 1998 Sep;106(9):581-6.
PMID: 9721258 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Characterization of estrogenicity of phytoestrogens in an
endometrial-derived experimental model.
Hopert AC, Beyer A, Frank K, Strunck E, Wunsche W, Vollmer G.
Institut fur Molekulare Medizin, Medizinische Universitat zu Lubeck,
Lubeck, Germany.
Severe developmental and reproductive disorders in wild animals have
been linked
to high exposure to persistent environmental chemicals with hormonal
activity.
These adverse effects of environmental estrogens have raised
considerable concern
and have received increasing attention. Although numerous chemicals
with the
capacity to interfere with the estrogen receptor (ER) have been
identified,
information on their molecular mechanism of action and their relative
potency
is rather limited. For the endometrium, the lack of information is
due to the
lack of a suitable experimental model. We investigated the functions
of phytoestrogens
in an endometrial-derived model, RUCA-I rat endometrial
adenocarcinoma cells.
The cells were cultured on a reconstituted basement membrane to
preserve their
functional differentiation and estrogen responsiveness. We assessed
the relative
binding affinity to the estrogen receptor of the selected
phytoestrogens coumestrol,
genistein, daidzein, and the putative phytoestrogen mangostin
compared to estradiol by a
competitive Scatchard analysis. The following affinity ranking was
measured:
we investigated the capacity of these compounds to promote the
increased production
of complement C3, a well-known estradiol-regulated protein of the rat
endometrium.
All substances tested increased the production of complement C3,
although different
concentrations were necessary to achieve equivalent levels of
induction compared to
estradiol. Mechanistically we were able to demonstrate that the
increase of complement
C3 production was mediated by primarily increasing its steady-state
mRNA level. These
findings indicate that RUCA-I cells represent a sensitive model
system to elucidate
relative potencies and functions of environmental estrogens in an
endometrium-derived model.
PMID: 9721258 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
8: Chairungsrilerd N, Furukawa K, Tadano T, Kisara K, Ohizumi Y.
Effect of gamma-mangostin through the inhibition of 5-hydroxy-
tryptamine2A
receptors in 5-fluoro-alpha-methyltryptamine-induced head-twitch
responses of
mice.
Br J Pharmacol. 1998 Mar;123(5):855-62.
PMID: 9535013 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Effect of gamma-mangostin through the inhibition of
5-hydroxy-tryptamine2A receptors in
5-fluoro-alpha-methyltryptamine-induced head-twitch responses of mice.
Chairungsrilerd N, Furukawa K, Tadano T, Kisara K, Ohizumi Y.
Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
1. Intracerebronventricular (i.c.v.) injection of gamma-mangostin (10-
40 nmol/mouse),
a major compound of the fruit hull of Garcinia mangostana Lin., like
ketanserin
(10, 20 nmol/mouse, i.c.v.) inhibited 5-fluoro-alpha-methyltryptamine
(5-FMT)
(45 mg kg(-1), i.p.)-induced head-twitch response in mice in the
presence or
absence of citalopram (a 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-uptake
inhibitor). 2.
Neither the 5-FMT- nor the 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin
5-HT1A-agonist)-induced 5-HT syndrome (head weaving and hindlimb
abduction)
was affected by gamma-mangostin or ketanserin. 3. The locomotor
activity
stimulated by 5-FMT through the activation of alpha1-adrenoceptors
did not
alter in the presence of gamma-mangostin. 4. 5-HT-induced inositol
phosphates
accumulation in mouse brain slices was abolished by ketanserin. Gamma-
mangostin
caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of the inositol
phosphates accumulation.
5. Gamma-mangostin caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of the
binding of
[3H]-spiperone, a specific 5-HT2A receptor antagonist, to mouse brain
membranes.
6. Kinetic analysis of the [3H]-spiperone binding revealed that gamma-
mangostin
increased the Kd value without affecting the Bmax value, indicating
the mode of
the competitive nature of the inhibition by gamma-mangostin. 7. These
results
suggest that gamma-mangostin inhibits 5-FMT-induced head-twitch
response in mice
by blocking 5-HT2A receptors not by blocking the release of 5-HT from
the
central neurone. Gamma-mangostin is a promising 5-HT2A receptor
antagonist
in the central nervous system.
PMID: 9535013 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
9: Vlietinck AJ, De Bruyne T, Apers S, Pieters LA.
Plant-derived leading compounds for chemotherapy of human
immunodeficiency
virus (HIV) infection.
Planta Med. 1998 Mar;64(2):97-109. Review.
PMID: 9525100 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Plant-derived leading compounds for chemotherapy of
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.
Vlietinck AJ, De Bruyne T, Apers S, Pieters LA.
Many compounds of plant origin have been identified that inhibit
different stages in the replication
cycle of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): 1) virus adsorption:
chromone alkaloids
(schumannificine), isoquinoline alkaloids (michellamines), sulphated
polysaccharides and
polyphenolics, flavonoids, coumarins (glycocoumarin,
licopyranocoumarin) phenolics
(caffeic acid derivatives, galloyl acid derivatives, catechinic acid
derivatives), tannins and
triterpenes (glycyrrhizin and analogues, soyasaponin and analogues);
2) virus-cell fusion:
lectins (mannose- and N-acetylglucosamine-specific) and triterpenes
(betulinic acid and analogues);
3) reverse transcription; alkaloids (benzophenanthridines,
protoberberines, isoquinolines, quinolines),
coumarins (calanolides and analogues), flavonoids, phloroglucinols,
lactones (protolichesterinic acid),
tannins, iridoids (fulvoplumierin) and triterpenes; 4) integration:
coumarins
(3-substituted-4-hydroxycoumarins), depsidones, O-caffeoyl
derivatives, lignans
(arctigenin and analogues) and phenolics (curcumin); 5) translation:
single chain ribosome
inactivating proteins (SCRIP’s); 6) proteolytic cleavage (protease
inhibition): saponins
(ursolic and maslinic acids), xanthones (mangostin and analogues) and
coumarins; 7)
glycosylation: alkaloids including indolizidines (castanospermine and
analogues), piperidines
(1-deoxynojirimicin and analogues) and pyrrolizidines (australine and
analogues); 
assembly/release: naphthodianthrones (hypericin and pseudohypericin),
photosensitisers
(terthiophenes and furoisocoumarins) and phospholipids. The target of
action of several anti-HIV
substances including alkaloids (O-demethyl-buchenavianine,
papaverine), polysaccharides
(acemannan), lignans (intheriotherins, schisantherin), phenolics
(gossypol, lignins, catechol dimers
such as peltatols, naphthoquinones such as conocurvone) and saponins
(celasdin B, Gleditsia and
Gymnocladus saponins), has not been elucidated or does not fit in the
proposed scheme.
Only a very few of these plant-derived anti-HIV products have been
used in a limited number
of patients suffering from AIDS viz. glycyrrhizin, papaverine,
trichosanthin, castanospermine,
N-butyl-1-deoxynojirimicin and acemannan.
PMID: 9525100 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
10: Furukawa K, Chairungsrilerd N, Ohta T, Nozoe S, Ohizumi Y.
[Novel types of receptor antagonists from the medicinal plant
Garcinia
mangostana]
Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 1997 Oct;110 Suppl 1:153P-158P. Japanese.
PMID: 9503424 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
[Novel types of receptor antagonists from the
medicinal plant Garcinia mangostana]
[Article in Japanese]
Furukawa K, Chairungsrilerd N, Ohta T, Nozoe S, Ohizumi Y.
Department of Pharmaceutical Molecular Biology, Faculty of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
A crude methanolic extract of the fruit hull of
Garcinia mangostana L. inhibited the contraction of
the isolated rabbit aorta induced by histamine and serotonin.
The extract has been fractionated by silica gel chromatography,
monitoring the pharmacological activity to give active compounds.
On the basis of physicochemical data, the active substances
were identified as alpha-mangostin and gamma-mangostin. To
define the pharmacological properties of alpha-mangostin, the
effect of alpha-mangostin on both histamine H1 and H2 receptors
were examined by monitoring the mechanical responses of smooth
muscles and measuring the radioligand binding to cultured vascular
smooth muscle cells. The results suggest that alpha-mangostin acts
as a selective and competitive histamine H1 receptor antagonist.
The pharmacological actions of gamma-mangostin on 5-HT receptors
were also investigated by using contractile response of vascular
smooth muscle, platelet aggregation and radioligand binding studies.
The results provide the evidence that gamma-mangostin is a selective
and competitive 5-HT2A receptor antagonist. It is of great interest
that the structures of alpha-mangostin and gamma-mangostin free from
nitrogen atom are not resemble to the common structures of histamine
and serotonin receptor antagonists. alpha-Mangostin and gamma-
mangostin
may become novel types of lead compounds for histamine and serotonin
receptor antagonists.
PMID: 9503424 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
11: Likhitwitayawuid K, Phadungcharoen T, Krungkrai J.
Antimalarial xanthones from Garcinia cowa.
Planta Med. 1998 Feb;64(1):70-2.
PMID: 9491769 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Antimalarial xanthones from Garcinia cowa.
Likhitwitayawuid K, Phadungcharoen T, Krungkrai J.
Five xanthones from the bark of Garcinia cowa, namely 7-O-
methylgarcinone E (1), cowanin
(2), cowanol (3), cowaxanthone (4), and beta-mangostin (5), were
found to possess in vitro
antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with IC50 values
ranging from 1.50 to
3.00 micrograms/ml. Complete 1H- and 13C-NMR assignments of these
compounds are also reported.
PMID: 9491769 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
12: Chairungsrilerd N, Furukawa KI, Ohta T, Nozoe S, Ohizumi Y.
Gamma-mangostin, a novel type of 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor
antagonist.
Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1998 Jan;357(1):25-31.
PMID: 9459569 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Gamma-mangostin, a novel type of 5-hydroxytryptamine
2A receptor antagonist.
Chairungsrilerd N, Furukawa KI, Ohta T, Nozoe S, Ohizumi Y.
Department of Pharmaceutical Molecular Biology, Faculty of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
Gamma-mangostin, purified from the fruit hull of the medicinal
plant Garcinia mangostana caused a parallel rightwards shift of
the concentration/response curve for the contraction elicited by
5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the rabbit aorta (pA2 = 8.2)
without affecting the contractile responses to KCl, phenylephrine
(alpha1) or histamine (H1). The perfusion pressure response of rat
coronary artery to 5-HT (5-HT2A) was reduced concentration
dependently
by gamma-mangostin (IC50 = 0.32 microM). 5-HT amplified, ADP-induced
aggregation of rabbit platelets (5-HT2A) was inhibited by gamma-
mangostin
(IC50 = 0.29 microM), whereas that induced by thrombin was not
affected,
nor did gamma-mangostin affect 5-HT-induced contraction of the guinea-
pig
ileum (5-HT3)in the presence of 5-HT1, 5-HT2 and 5-HT4 receptor
antagonists.
Furthermore, 5-HT-induced contraction of the rat fundus (5-HT2B) and
5-HT-induced relaxation of the rabbit aorta in the presence of
ketanserin
(5-HT1) and carbachol-induced contraction of the guinea-pig ileum
(muscarinic M3)
were not affected by gamma-mangostin (5 microM). Gamma-mangostin
inhibited
[3H]spiperone binding to cultured rat aortic myocytes (IC50 = 3.5
nM).
The Kd for [3H]spiperone binding was increased by gamma-mangostin
(3 nM) from 11.7 to 27.4 nM without affecting Bmax. These results
suggest
that gamma-mangostin is a novel competitive antagonist, free from a
nitrogen
atom, for the 5-HT2A receptors in vascular smooth muscles and
platelets.
PMID: 9459569 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
13: Gopalakrishnan G, Banumathi B, Suresh G.
Evaluation of the antifungal activity of natural xanthones from
Garcinia
mangostana and their synthetic derivatives.
J Nat Prod. 1997 May;60(5):519-24.
PMID: 9213587 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Evaluation of the antifungal activity of natural xanthones
from Garcinia mangostana and their synthetic derivatives.
Gopalakrishnan G, Banumathi B, Suresh G.
Centre for Agrochemical Research, SPIC Science Foundations, Madras,
India.
The antifungal activity of several xanthones isolated from the fruit
hulls of Garcinia mangostana and some derivatives of mangostin
against
three phytopathogenic fungi, Fusarium oxysporum vasinfectum,
Alternaria tenuis, and Dreschlera oryzae, has been evaluated.
The natural xanthones showed good inhibitory activity against
the three fungi. Substitution in the A and C rings has been
shown to modify the bioactivities of the compounds.
PMID: 9213587 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
14: Chairungsrilerd N, Furukawa K, Ohta T, Nozoe S, Ohizumi Y.
Pharmacological properties of alpha-mangostin, a novel histamine H1
receptor
antagonist.
Eur J Pharmacol. 1996 Oct 31;314(3):351-6.
PMID: 8957258 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Pharmacological properties of alpha-mangostin,
a novel histamine H1 receptor antagonist.
Chairungsrilerd N, Furukawa K, Ohta T, Nozoe S, Ohizumi Y.
Department of Pharmaceutical Molecular Biology, Faculty of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
In the isolated rabbit thoracic aorta and guinea-pig trachea,
alpha-mangostin inhibited histamine-induced contractions in a
concentration-dependent manner in the presence or absence of
cimetidine, a histamine H2 receptor antagonist. But KCl-,
phenylephrine- or carbachol-induced contractions were not
affected by alpha-mangostin. The concentration-contractile
response curve for histamine was shifted to the right in a
parallel manner by alpha-mangostin. In the presence of
chlorpheniramine, a histamine H1 receptor antagonist,
alpha-mangostin did not affect the relaxation of the rabbit
aorta induced by histamine. In the guinea-pig trachea,
alpha-mangostin had no effect on the relaxation induced by
dimaprit, a histamine H2 receptor agonist. alpha-Mangostin
caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of the binding
of [3H]mepyramine, a specific histamine H1 receptor antagonist
to rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Kinetic analysis of
[3H]mepyramine binding indicated the competitive inhibition by
alpha-mangostin. These results suggest that alpha-mangostin is a
novel competitive histamine H1 receptor antagonist in smooth muscle
cells.
PMID: 8957258 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
15: Chairungsrilerd N, Furukawa K, Ohta T, Nozoe S, Ohizumi Y.
Histaminergic and serotonergic receptor blocking substances
from the medicinal plant Garcinia mangostana.
Planta Med. 1996 Oct;62(5):471-2.
PMID: 8923814 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Histaminergic and serotonergic receptor blocking substances
from the medicinal plant Garcinia mangostana.
Chairungsrilerd N, Furukawa K, Ohta T, Nozoe S, Ohizumi Y.
A crude methanolic extract of the fruit hull of Mangosteen, Garcinia
mangostana L.
inhibited the contractions of isolated thoracic rabbit aorta induced
by histamine and
serotonin. The extract of the fruit hull has been fractionated by
silica gel chromatography,
monitoring the pharmacological activity to give alpha- and gamma-
mangostin. On the basis
of pharmacological data, it is suggested that alpha-mangostin and
gamma-mangostin
are a histaminergic and a serotonergic receptor blocking agent,
respectively.
PMID: 8923814 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
16: Iinuma M, Tosa H, Tanaka T, Asai F, Kobayashi Y, Shimano R,
Miyauchi K.
Antibacterial activity of xanthones from guttiferaeous plants against
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
J Pharm Pharmacol. 1996 Aug;48(8):861-5.
PMID: 8887739 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Antibacterial activity of xanthones from guttiferaeous
plants against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Iinuma M, Tosa H, Tanaka T, Asai F, Kobayashi Y, Shimano R, Miyauchi
K.
Department of Pharmacognosy, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Japan.
Extracts of Garcinia mangostana (Guttiferae) showing inhibitory
effects against the growth of S. aureus NIHJ 209p were fractionated
according to guidance obtained from bioassay and some of the
components with activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
aureus (MRSA) were characterized. One active isolate, alpha-
mangostin,
a xanthone derivative, had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
of 1.57-12.5 micrograms mL-1. Other related xanthones were also
examined
to determine their anti-MRSA activity. Rubraxanthone, which was
isolated
from Garcinia dioica and has a structure similar to that of alpha-
mangostin,
had the highest activity against staphylococcal strains (MIC = 0.31-
1.25 micrograms mL-1),
an activity which was greater than that of the antibiotic vancomycin
(3.13-6.25 micrograms mL-1). The inhibitory effect against strains of
MRSA of two of the compounds when used in conjunction with other
antibiotics
was also studied. The anti-MRSA activity of alpha-mangostin was
clearly
increased by the presence of vancomycin; this behaviour was not
observed for
rubraxanthone. The strong in-vitro antibacterial activity of xanthone
derivatives
against both methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive
Staphylococcus aureus
suggests the compounds might find wide pharmaceutical use.
PMID: 8887739 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
17: Furukawa K, Shibusawa K, Chairungsrilerd N, Ohta T, Nozoe S,
Ohizumi Y.
The mode of inhibitory action of alpha-mangostin, a novel inhibitor,
on the
sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-pumping ATPase from rabbit skeletal
muscle.
Jpn J Pharmacol. 1996 Aug;71(4):337-40.
PMID: 8886932 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
The mode of inhibitory action of alpha-mangostin, a novel
inhibitor, on the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-pumping ATPase
from rabbit skeletal muscle.
Furukawa K, Shibusawa K, Chairungsrilerd N, Ohta T, Nozoe S, Ohizumi
Y.
Department of Pharmaceutical Molecular Biology, Faculty of
Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
alpha-Mangostin, the principal ingredient of the fruit hull of
Garcinia mangostana, caused a concentration-dependent decrease in the
activities of both Ca(2+)-ATPase and Ca(2+)-transport of the
sarcoplasmic
reticulum from rabbit skeletal muscle with an IC50 value of 5 microM.
Neither Ca2+ release nor other enzyme activities were affected by
alpha-mangostin.
Kinetic analysis of the inhibitory effects of alpha-mangostin on Ca
(2+)-ATPase
suggests that the inhibition of the ATPase is a noncompetitive-type
with respect
to ATP or Ca2+. alpha-Mangostin may become a useful pharmacological
tool for
clarifying the physiological functions of Ca(2+)-pumping ATPase and
sarcoplasmic reticulum.
PMID: 8886932 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
18: Chen SX, Wan M, Loh BN.
Active constituents against HIV-1 protease from Garcinia mangostana.
Planta Med. 1996 Aug;62(4):381-2.
PMID: 8792678 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Active constituents against HIV-1 protease from Garcinia mangostana.
Chen SX, Wan M, Loh BN.
The ethanol extract of Garcinia mangostana L. (Guttiferae) showed
potent inhibitory activity against
HIV-1 protease. The activity-guided purification of the extract
resulted in the isolation of two active,
known compounds. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds
were established by
spectroscopic analyses as mangostin (IC50 = 5.12 +/- 0.41 microM) and
gamma-mangostin
(IC50 = 4.81 +/- 0.32 microM). The type of inhibition by both
compounds is noncompetitive.
PMID: 8792678 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
19: Williams P, Ongsakul M, Proudfoot J, Croft K, Beilin L.
Mangostin inhibits the oxidative modification of human low
density lipoprotein.
Free Radic Res. 1995 Aug;23(2):175-84.
PMID: 7581813 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Mangostin inhibits the oxidative modification of
human low density lipoprotein.
Williams P, Ongsakul M, Proudfoot J, Croft K, Beilin L.
University of Western Australia, Department of Medicine,
Royal Perth Hospital, Australia.
The oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) may play an important
role in atherosclerosis. We investigated the possible antioxidant
effects of mangostin, isolated from Garcinia mangostana, on metal
ion dependent (Cu2+) and independent (aqueous peroxyl radicals)
oxidation of human LDL. Mangostin prolonged the lagtime to both
metal ion dependent and independent oxidation of LDL in a dose
dependent manner over 5 to 50 microM as monitored by the formation
of conjugated dienes at 234 nm (P < 0.001). There was no significant
effect of mangostin on the rate at which conjugated dienes were
formed
in the uninhibited phase of oxidation. Levels of thiobarbituric
reactive
substances (TBARS) generated in LDL were measured 4 and 24 hours
after
oxidation with 5 microM Cu2+ in the presence or absence of 50 microM
or
100 microM mangostin. We observed an inhibition of TBARS formation
with
100 microM mangostin at 4 hours (P = 0.027) but not at 24 hours
(P = 0.163). Similar results were observed in the presence of 50
microM mangostin. Mangostin, at 100 microM, retarded the relative
electrophoretic mobility of LDL at both 4 and 24 hours after Cu2+
induced oxidation. Mangostin (100 microM) significantly inhibited the
consumption of alpha-tocopherol in the LDL during Cu2+ initiated
oxidation
over a 75 minute period (P < 0.001). From these results, we conclude
that
mangostin is acting as a free radical scavenger to protect the LDL
from
oxidative damage in this in vitro system.
PMID: 7581813 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
20: Jinsart W, Ternai B, Buddhasukh D, Polya GM.
Inhibition of wheat embryo calcium-dependent
protein kinase and other kinases by mangostin and gamma-mangostin.
Phytochemistry. 1992 Nov;31(11):3711-3.
PMID: 1368866 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Inhibition of wheat embryo calcium-dependent protein kinase and other
kinases by mangostin and gamma-mangostin.
Jinsart W, Ternai B, Buddhasukh D, Polya GM.
Department of Chemistry, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria,
Australia.
The hull of the fruit of the mangosteen tree (Garcinia mangostana)
contains four inhibitors of
plant Ca(2+)-dependent protein kinase. Two of these inhibitors have
been purified and identified
as the xanthones 1,3,6-trihydroxy-7-methoxy-2,8-bis(3-methyl-2-
butenyl)-9H- xanthen-9-one
(mangostin) and 1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxy-2,8-bis(3-methyl-2-butenyl)- 9H-
xanthen-9-one
(gamma-mangostin). Both xanthones also inhibit avian myosin light
chain kinase and rat liver
cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. This is the first report of
inhibition of plant and animal |
second messenger-regulated protein kinases by plant-derived xanthones.
PMID: 1368866 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
21: Sundaram BM, Gopalakrishnan C, Subramanian S, Shankaranarayanan
D, Kameswaran L.
Antimicrobial activities of Garcinia mangostana.
Planta Med. 1983 May;48(1):59-60. No abstract available.
PMID: 6611746 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Antimicrobial activities of Garcinia mangostana.
Sundaram BM, Gopalakrishnan C, Subramanian S, Shankaranarayanan D,
Kameswaran L.
PMID: 6611746 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
22: Gopalakrishnan C, Shankaranarayanan D, Kameswaran L, Nazimudeen
SK.
Effect of mangostin, a xanthone from Garcinia mangostana Linn. in
immunopathological & inflammatory reactions.
Indian J Exp Biol. 1980 Aug;18(8):843-6. No abstract available.
PMID: 7461736 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Effect of mangostin, a xanthone from
Garcinia mangostana Linn. in immunopathological
& inflammatory reactions.
Gopalakrishnan C, Shankaranarayanan D, Kameswaran L, Nazimudeen SK.
PMID: 7461736 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
23: Shankaranarayan D, Gopalakrishnan C, Kameswaran L.
Pharmacological profile of mangostin and its derivatives.
Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1979 Jun;239(2):257-69.
PMID: 314790 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Pharmacological profile of mangostin and its derivatives.
Shankaranarayan D, Gopalakrishnan C, Kameswaran L.
Mangostin (M), a naturally occurring xanthone in the rinds of the
fruits of
Garcinia mangostana Linn. (Guttiferae) and its derivatives such as
3-0-methyl mangostin (MM), 3,6-di-O-methyl mangostin (DM),
1-isomangostin (IM), mangostin triacetate (MT), mangostin 3,6-di-O-
(tetra acetyl)
glucoside (MTG) and mangostin-6,6-di-O-glucoside (MOG) were screened
for
various pharmacological effects in experimental animals…
M, IM and MT produced pronounced antiinflammatory activity both by
intraperitoneal
and oral routes in rats as tested by carrageenininduced hind paw
oedema, cotton pellet implantation and granuloma pouch techniques.
Antiinflammatory activity
for M, IM and MT was observed even in bilaterally adrenalectomised
rats. M, IM and MT
did not produce any mast cell membrane stabilising effect and the
degranulation effect of
polymyxin B, diazoxide and Triton X-100 on rat peritoneal mast cells
in vitro was not
prevented. M, IM and MT did not alter the prothrombin time of albino
rats. M alone produced significant antiulcer activity in rats.
PMID: 314790 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
24:
*Antiproliferation, *antioxidation and induction of *apoptosis by
Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) on SKBR3 human breast cancer cell
line
Primchanien Moongkarndi, , a, Nuttavut Kosema, Sineenart Kaslungkab,
Omboon Luanratanac, Narongchai Pongpanc and Neelobol Neungtond
epartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University,
Sri Ayudthaya Road, Rajdhevee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
The Government Pharmaceutical Organization, Rama VI Road, Bangkok
10400, Thailand
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University,
Sri Ayudthaya Road, Rajdhevee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital,
Bangkok 10700, Thailand
Received 15 June 2002; revised 10 September 2003; accepted 22
September 2003. ; Available online 5 December 2003.
Abstract
This study was designed to determine the antiproliferative, apoptotic
and antioxidative properties of crude methanolic extract (CME) from
the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana (family Guttiferae) using human
breast cancer (SKBR3) cell line as a model system. SKBR3 cells were
cultured in the presence of CME at various concentrations (0–50 g/ml)
for 48 h and the percentage of cell viability was evaluated by 3-(4,5-
dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-di phenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.
CME showed a dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation with
ED50 of 9.25±0.64 g/ml. We found that antiproliferative effect of CME
was associated with apoptosis on breast cancer cell line by
determinations of morphological changes and oligonucleosomal DNA
fragments. In addition, CME at various concentrations and incubation
times were also found to inhibit ROS production. These investigations
suggested that the methanolic extract from the pericarp of Garcinia
mangostana had strong antiproliferation, potent antioxidation and
induction of apoptosis. Thus, it indicates that this substance can
show different activities and has potential for cancer
chemoprevention which were dose dependent as well as exposure time
dependent.
Antiproliferation = stops the cell from spreading
Antioxidation = stops free radical damage which can result in further
mutation
Induction of apoptosis = This is a process of cell death - Apoptotic
cells break into smaller pieces called apoptotic bodies that other
body cells recognize and eat.
The only product on the market today which includes all the Xanthones
derived from the
Mangosteen Fruit Pruee of SouthEast Asia (41 have been identified to
date) is XANGO.
www.myxango.com/kofi